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RTV
151 Course
Outline Fall 2009
Course Format:
This course consists of (a) lectures related to the
assigned reading, including material related to the subject introduced
by the instructor from other sources, (b) discussions and interactions
between students and instructor, (c) in-class presentations by students
over assigned reading, and (d) screenings, from which students take
notes. COURSE SCHEDULE (subject to changes & updates; check course web site online weekly) Last updated 12/9/09 NOTE -- check back weekly for updates Week
1
(8/31 - 9/2) Introduction to
Communication Technologies Week 2 (9/7 - 9) Historical Perspective on Communication Technology Labor Day
Holiday
Monday Remember to be
prepared for a possible quiz over assigned reading (see syllabus). Some main ideas
for Chapter 1: Importance and significance of communication
technologies, The most valuable media company as of mid 2008, banner
ads, broadband Internet vs. dial-up, how Google revolutionized Internet
media, the 'Umbrella Perspective' on Communication Technology (5
factors about adoption and use of communication technologies) --
related to this, note Diffusion of Innovations discussed in class Some main ideas
for Chapter 2: Communication technology timeline from 1650 to
present, specific facts about various communication technologies:
print media, periodicals, books, telephone, motion pictures, audio
recording, radio, television, cable TV, DBS (DirecTV and DISH), MMDS
('wireless cable'), SMATV ('private cable'), IPTV (FiOS and U-verse),
Home video (VHS/Beta, DVD, DVR), personal computers, Internet, video
games Week 3 (9/14-16)
Understanding Communication Technologies & The Structure of
Communication Industries Some main ideas
for Chap. 3: private goods vs. public goods, Everett Rogers and
Diffusion of Innovations, stages of diffusion of an innovation, what is
'critical mass'? social presence thyeory and information richness
theory as part of social processing, four areas of richness, Impacts
and effects--uses and gratifications, dependency theory, social
cognitive theory (Albert Bandura), also noted in class--quantitative
vs. qualitative theories and research and hegemony, theory of the long
tail--hits at the head vs. niches at the tail, relative constancy Some main ideas
for Chap. 4: dynamic flux nature of communication tchnologies, the
AT&T story, regulated monopoly, hardware and software, production
and distribution, disintermediation, HDTV, HD Radio (hybrid digital),
the changing nature of the media industries, 'how to monetize the
business'--advertising supported media, pay per use, the mobile
revolution, consumer use; relative constancy Week 4
(9/21-23) Communication
Policy and Technology These are some
of the sample test questions discussed in class. The test covers
chapters 1-5 and class content (notes and videos). Week 5 (9/28-30) READING FOR WEDNESDAY: Chap. 6 Test 1 on Monday at 9:30 (see previous week notes as initial test review) Wednesday: Screening: Triumph of the Nerds, Part 2 -- look for content like this: What major computer company is credited with changing the home computer from hobby to big business? What was the term used by ‘Big Blue’ for taking components off the shelf and assembling them into a PC, rather than building one from scratch? Every PC requires at least what two essential bits of software? What was the ‘killer app’ for the IBM PC? What is 'reverse engineering'? Some Chap. 6 main points: DTV vs. HDTV, SDTV, 8VSB vs. COFDM, NTSC vs. ATSC, persistence of vision, pixels, scan lines, frame rate (60i, 30p, 24p), fields vs. frames, interlaced or progressive scan, aspect ratio, scalability, 6 MHz of spectrum per channel, background/development of HDTV, multicasting, Dolby AC-3 audio standard, FCC involvement, terrestrial broadcasting transition from analog to digital, converter boxes, 'cliff effect' (not in reading), 700 MHz range auction, displays--CRT, projection, LCD, LED, plasma, DLP, OLED, HD programming, upconvert/ downconvert, Japan and digital TV--terrestrial and satellite, DVB-T / Europe / COFDM, ATSC DTV / US / 8VSB, DTT, penetration rate, Factors to Watch Week 6 (10/5-7) READING
FOR MONDAY: Chaps. 7 & 8 Monday: Screening:
Triumph of the Nerds, Part 3 Some Chap. 7
main points: DBS, PPV, VOD, NVOD, SVOD, cable vs. IPTV,
headend/trunk line/feeder line/drop line, DTH vs. TVRO, C-band vs.
Ku-band, ITU, WARC, MPEG-1 / compression standards, Primestar /
USSB / DirecTV, DISH, hybrid cable systems, digital cable,
multiplexes, local into local, must carry / retransmission consent, a
la carte programming, cable franchises, MSOs, largest MSOs, broadband /
3G & 4G cellphone / Wi-Max / DTV impact Some Chap. 8
main points: streaming, FiOS and U-verse, IPTV, IP address,
streaming platforms, podcasting, Internet TV connections vs. IPTV
(hulu.com, veoh.com, modernfeed/clicker.com, Apple TV, Sling Player),
UGC Chap. 7 class
notes - MVPD -- Cable, DBS, Pay TV, IPTV (chap. 8), SMATV, MMDS,
TVRO Week 7 (10/12-14) READING FOR MONDAY: Chap. 9 Monday: Screening: History of the Internet--Networking the Nerds The company started as ‘Architext’ became -- .
What do they say was the first money-maker on the
Internet? What online bookstore founded by Jeff Bezos
do they note as the first successful Internet-only business?
Apple co-founder Steve Jobs says, with the Web, the computer became a
device not for computation but for ----- . The Internet
revolution is different from all other revolutions because it is
abolishing ----- . What Russian event led to the
Internet? Who was the M.I.T. psychologist who proposed the
concept of ‘the Intergalactic Network in the early 1960s?
At what government agency was the Internet really ‘born’? Besides
Harvard and M.I.T. in the Boston area, -------, named for the three
people who started it, and which invented packet switching, is often
called ‘the third university on the Charles.' A ----- is one
chunk of numbered information representing a part of an original
message sent across the Internet, reconstructed into the original
message when it reaches its destination. The Internet (then known as
the Arpanet) came to life at the host computer on what university
campus? Wireless data transfer was first demonstrated at what
university? Other terms: first run syndication, off-network
syndication, NATPE (www.natpe.org), latency, convergence Week 8: (10/19-21) READING FOR MONDAY: Chap. 10 --> (ready for a Quiz Monday or Wednesday?) Monday: Screening: History of the Internet--Surviving the Suits. Look for information like: Who developed ‘ethernet’ and with it the ability to link personal computers, while at XEROX PARC, then went on to start 3COM? What was the name of XEROX PARC’s innovative personal computer? ------ University was the starting point for three major computer companies, including Sun Microsystems and Cisco. What new business paradigm did John McAfee start when he introduced his anti-virus software? What does one of Silicon Valley’s most renowned VC’s, Steve Doerr, say are the four risks in every project? Some Chap. 10 terms and ideas: AM and FM broadcasting, DAB, IBOC, SDARS--Sirius XM, RDS, HD Radio, iBiquity, Guglielmo Marconi, Edwin Armstrong, KDKA, Radio Conferences 1922-25, public vs. private, origination of networks, LPFM, SoundExchange and 'Internet Radio,' other DAB elsewhere / World DAB Forum, DAB+, DMB, Interactive DMB, XM Sirius merger, mobile media, podcasts/podcasting, four ways to 'construct a radio format,' the three U.S. music (performance) licensing organizations, analog vs. digital review Some Test 2 review sample questions posted below. Be ready in the 10/21 class to ask questions related to Test 2. What major computer company is credited with changing the home computer from hobby to big business? What was the term used by ‘Big Blue’ for taking components off the shelf and assembling them into a PC, rather than building one from scratch? The QDOS operating system created by Tim Patterson made lots of money for other people when it became what? The first computer GUI was developed where? What was the ‘killer app’ for the IBM PC? The term for the process used to clone a computer or copy a software program, where one engineer figures out, after something has been created, how it works, then another ‘virgin’ engineer takes these specifications and makes a copy. What Russian event led to the Internet? Who was the M.I.T. psychologist who proposed the concept of ‘the Intergalactic Network in the early 1960s? At what government agency was the Internet really ‘born’? Besides Harvard and M.I.T. in the Boston area, ----- , named for the three people who started it, and which invented packet switching, is often called ‘the third university on the Charles.’ The Internet (then known as the Arpanet) came to life at the host computer on what university campus? invented by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn and critical to the information revolution, was the first protocol to allow host computers to connect to each other, changing the ARPANET and other (at the time) incompatible networks into the Internet. A(n) --------- is one chunk of numbered information representing a part of an original message sent across the Internet, reconstructed into the original message when it reaches its destination. refers to ‘the rules of control of how computers talk to each other.’ What is the term used when discussing a means of revenue through ITV...like the concept of e-commerce on the Internet, but through TV. Commonly called -------, but also part of RSS – really simple syndication; not live streaming, but a pre-recorded audio or video file that may be a talk show, newscast, or some form of entertainment ‘program.’ Verizon’s -------- Network is where they ‘V-cast’ programming through a wireless mobile video service. What is Verizon’s fiber optic to the home service that offers broadband Internet, IPTV and phone service? In streaming, ------ handle and synchronize digital files, as represented by software like QuickTime, Flash and Windows Media Player. A(n) -------- is a compression algorithm; it compresses an audio or video file so it is small enough to be streamed through a network connection and played back on a computer. Who is credited with creating the technical process of FM radio broadcasting, first available in the 1930s? What is the term used to describe the means of constructing a radio station’s music format where an announcer ‘voice tracks’ all the places where songs are introduced, the weather forecast, etc.--and thus where a computer running software puts the entire 24/7 format on the air? The company that owns the rights to the HD Radio technology and process and sells its equipment and licensing to local market radio stations. What is the maximum number of terrestrial, AM and FM radio stations one individual or company could own in the DFW market? How is the U.S. DAB service different than the Eureka 147 available in other countries? Established radio broadcasting service in the United States emerged in what decade (early / mid / late?)? Established TV broadcasting in the United States emerged in what decade (early / mid / late?) Interlaced scanning , 30 frames per second, 525 scan lines, 4:3 aspect ratio are technical specifications for what? If a digital TV offers 480P and 1080I abilities, the ‘P’ stands for --- and the “I” stands for ----- . . When broadcasting in HDTV, local market stations take up this entire bandwidth, but when broadcasting an SDTV signal as their main program service, they can offer up to a total of five SDTV signals in their bandwidth—an approach called ------ . What is the bandwidth of a TV stations' channel? (p. 81) What is 'scalability'? What type of TV stations have been at the forefront in multicasting DTV channels? The American DTV modulation standard. In an effort to reduce the chances for piracy of the signal a(n) ------ is inserted in the DTV signal that would instruct a digital device as to whether a broadcast or cablecast program could be copied, and how many times. When a local market cable system is required by FCC policy to either negotiate with local market TV stations to pay them to carry their signal or, if they carry it for free and thus are required to carry it, the term --------- describes this arrangement. One of the components of a cable system, the ---- is the facility used by cable service providers to receive signals from satellite transmissions and over-the-air stations before distribution to customers. Coaxial cables are still used for the final link to subscribers’ homes in modern cable systems, but increasingly ----- lines have replaced metal wires, allowing distribution of more channels, and use of fewer amplifiers. Rather than having to buy tiers of channels, like the basic tier, expanded basic, digital tier, etc.—one of the current tugs-of-war between cable providers and legislators/regulators is to offers consumers the chance to buy whichever individual channels they want, called ------ pricing. True streaming vs. progressive download (chap. 8), The first cable premium channel was ---- , in 1972. In the DBS world, Primestar and USSB were purchased by -------. The upgrade to ------ allowed cable systems to start offering new services, like HD programming, DVR services and telephony. FCC Chairman Kevin Martin pushed for ------- programming in cable, where customers would choose what channels they wanted instead of having to buy programming in tiers. Who successfully bid on 168 700-MHZ licenses in a ‘spectrum auction in 2008 and announced plans to work with Alcatel-Lucent to offer digital video broadcasting services to handheld devices. PPV has done ‘surprisingly well lately in what type of programming? The four ‘established platforms for streaming media listed in the chapter.' What do they say in the chapter is not really a streaming player, but actually a browser plug-in, but that does play media streams? A relative of video streaming is ------- which refers to producing various types of online audio and video on demand programs. Some acronyms, know what these stand for: IPTV, DVR, UGC, ITV, LPFM, IBOC, RDS, DARS, DAB, RSS, DTV, SDTV, ERP, STL, BMI, ASCAP, LCD, DLP, VOD, NVOD, SVOD, PPV, TVRO (what does this refer to?), KNOW THESE ITEMS FIRST -- but keep in mind the test covers all of this section, so you should study all terms and ideas from these chapters, videos, and class notes -- and especially see outline content above since Test 1. Week 9: (10/26-28) READING FOR
WEDNESDAY: Chap. 11 Personal Computers (Ready for a
Quiz Wed.?) Monday: Test 2--Chapters 6-10 and class content (videos and lectures) Wednesday:
Screening: History of the
Internet--Wiring the World--look for some items like: What is the
name of the 'European Laboratory for Particle Research' in
Geneva, Switzerland where the explosive growth of the Internet began?
The World Wide Web was created by English programmer
-----------. HTTP stands for -----; URL
stands for ------- (Universal Resource Locator--even though
one guy on the screening said 'uniform') Who had envisioned the idea of
a World Wide Web -- Global Network -- that he called Xanadu, 20 years
before the WWW was created? Who 'discovered 'hypertext? What software
drastically changed the Internet, opening it up to everyone, who
created it, and what was it called? What 'application' did
they say drove the market for the Internet? Who was the founder
of Amazon.com? The example from India demonstrated
-------- was becoming the required 'world' language thanks to the
Internet. When should you start
studying for Test 3? Now. Use the course outline each week
to keep up with reading. Some reading terms and
ideas: digital divide, digital natives, why is this class
focused as it is?--as noted on p. 157: "nearly every other technology
in this book is tied to a computer". Charles Babbage, "difference
engine," overall computer historical events (many of which were in
previously-viewed in-class videos), OS, computer language, GUI,
hardware and software, CPU, transitor, chips, RAM, motherboards and
daughterboards, various storage memory devices, flash memory, AMD vs.
Intel, multi-core chips, Moore's Law (remember who Gordon Moore is?),
Boot Camp, "solid state" drives / NAND-based drives, One Laptop Per
Child / $100 laptop, Windows 7, OpenOffice, Google DeskTop, etc. Week 10: (11/2-4) READING FOR MONDAY: Chap. 12 Video Games (Ready for a Quiz Monday?) Monday class notes: You should know about various media organizations discussed in class: TAB, NATPE, IRTS etc. Chap 12 terms and ideas: "-------" is a catch-all term to describe games with a visual (and usually audio) stimulus, played through a digitally-mediated system. The four parts of a video game system are (a) some form of display, (b) ----, (c) -----, and (d) ------ . Some of the new video game controllers in ----- feedback, that allows users to 'feel' aspects of the game. MMORPGs stands for -------. Most industry observers describe the current generation of home gaming as the ----- generation since the releast of the first-generation -------- . The first dedicated home gaming console was the ------, which was built on ------ rather thana microprocessor. The first home game system built on a microprocessor was ------- . --------- became the first major game studio that designed their games exclusively for other comanies' consoles. The commercial success of ----- in the mid-1980s gave game publishers a color system for their games. (etc. -- look for more information in the chapter like these samples) When should you start studying for Test 3? Now. Use the course outline each week to keep up with reading. Wednesday: Screening: Video Game Revolution
(partial) Look for some items like: Who was
the first ‘rock star’ of video games, helping invent the nuclear bomb,
and the first video game? The first video game available on
the early version of the Internet, created by Steve Russell at
MIT. The Magnavox ------ , developed by Ralph Baer, was the first
home video game system. One of the founders of the company says
their name ------ comes from Japanese and means ‘watch out,
you’re gonna get whacked.’ (the text gives a
slightly different wording of the phrase). The name of the first
video game created by this new company, designed by engineer Al
Alcorn. What future computer industry leader, who brought along
his ‘computer buddy’ was hired by this company in their early days of
growth, and designed the game ‘Breakout’? What video game,
the first with a ‘story line,’ became Nintendo’s first successful
venture into the U.S. video game market? Started by former
disgruntled Atari engineers, ------- was the first independent
video game publisher. What movie-based video game, based on its
incredible failure, was
essentially the death of Atari? (etc.) Week 11: (11/9-11) READING FOR MONDAY: Chaps. 13 & 14 (Ready for a Quiz any class day?) Chap. 13 sample questions: Augmented reality is
also called -----. While some believe the concept of VR
began in the 1920s, others believe that Morton Heilig’s ----- in the
mid-1950s was the starting point. The heart of any VR or AR
system is the ------. The three basic components of a VR system
are ------ . A(n) -------- display enables a user to
experience artificially created tactile sensations in response to
movement in a VR environment. Whom does the text say coined the term
‘virtual reality’? HMD stands for ------ and HMPD stands for
-----. Is the Wii a VR system? Is Second Life a VR
experience? CAVEs are ------- . How does VR/AR have to do
with communication technology? (etc.) Chap. 14 sample questions: What are the different types of reception? What company developed the first videotape for the broadcast industry, in 1956? Which came first, the the VCR or videotape recording technology? The videodisc player marketed by RCA that used analog recordings on vinyl discs like records, but with much smaller grooves than those used for audio, was called ----- . What is the surviving high definition video disc system on the market today, that is assumed to eventually replaced standard DVDs? How is TV technology changing from NTSC to ATSC. HMDI stands for ------. IEEE-1394 connectors are more commonly called ------- .What does a PCMCIA card do? Does the author of this chapter believe HD-DVD has a future? What impact is broadband having on home video? (etc.) Lecture Notes about video: (much of this is NOT in the reading -- take
good notes in class) Week 12:
(11/16-18) READING FOR
MONDAY: Chaps. 15 & 16 (Ready
for a Quiz?) Videos in class: "The
Google Boys" (and maybe
"Cybermind") (WE MAY NOT HAVE TIME FOR THESE) Wednesday video: Digital Cameras Digital Audio / Audio overview -- much of this is NOT in the reading -- take
good notes in class: Overview of Sound and Audio. Sound waves, acoustics,
decibels, amplitude, frequency, radio waves,
amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, hertz, kilohertz (kHz),
megahertz (MHz), gigahertz (GHz), sound frequency spectrum,
bass/midrange/treble, about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (Bass 20-320 Hz ;
Midrange 320-5,120
Hz; Treble 5,120 - 20,000 Hz), binaural hearing,
direct &
indirect sound waves,
early reflections,
echo, reverberation, sounds hitting a surface – mostly absorbed /
reflected or partially, ‘lively’ room vs. ‘dead’ or
‘dry’. diffraction (the bending
of waves around an object in its path), diffusion (the process of
spreading or dispersing radiated energy so that it is less direct or
coherent), resonance (when one object vibrating at the same natural
frequency of a second object forces that second object into vibrational
motion). Mics and miking: three professional mic types
based on transducer, three main directional patterns, mic
mounts--fishpole boom, giraffe, perambulator boom, handheld, studio
mount, headset mic, flat response vs. colored response, lavaliere/lapel
mic, shotgun mic, parabolic mic, RCA/phono, mini plug, 1/4
inch/phone, XLR--jack and plug/female and male,
term dynamic, power to a
mic/ phantom power, directional patterns and ports / phase
cancellation, plosives,
sibilance, proximity effect, bass roll
off,
stereo
recording, three types of distant miking vs. close miking Sample sound and audio questions: The objective study of
the physical
behavior of received sound: _________, (b) kHz stands for ----, MHz
stands for ----, GHz stands for ---- and THz stands for ------; (more
info here). Loudness in an acoustical space is measured
as -------, which is a measure of acoustic power--NOTE, this is dB-spl
(in class we referred to electical loudness vs. acoustical loudness;
dB-spl is the level of acoustical loudness) Sometimes
defined as a slight echo that interferes with the
intelligibility of speech,' in class, we also noted that it is 'later
reflections of sound waves in an acoustical space. The --------
mic, also called a dynamic microphone, is considered
the most rugged professional microphone. Unlike moving
coil and
riboon mics, ------ mics require a source of power, either from
an AC electrical power supply or from batteries. The three basic
directional categories of microphones are ----. A mic that
picks up all frequencies equally well is said to
have a ---- response. ----- refers to the strength,
volume or
loudness of sound, and is measured in -----. The process of
re-recording and inserting dialogue into a movie scene or TV show,
where mics could not be close enough to the actors to pick up good
quality sound. The kind of scene we described in class had the
audio person
holding a mic just above the camera shot during a field shoot is using
a a ------- boom. What type of audio boom is
used for soap operas and variety programs, that are motorized and an
operator sits on the equipment? ------ is 'how many times
per second
analog information is converted to the 0s and 1s of digital
technology. The common, professional analog audio connector--this
one
has three conductors, allowing a balanced connection. When a
connector is referred to as male it is the '--------' part; when it is
referred to as female, it is the ----- part. What do you use to
'break normal'? In digital audio recording, the process of
encoding different portions of the original sound wave by digital words
of a given number of bits is called -----. What are the digital
audio codecs? (etc.) Digital imaging: The first photograph ever taken is
credit to --------. SLR stands for and DSLR stands for ------ .
An important lens innovation is the -------camera, developed by
Stanford grad student Ren Ng—the camera allows the user to make a
decision on the focal point of an image after the shot has been
taken. Slow processing time, also referred to as ----- is one of
the major drawbacks in digital photography. An offshoot of the
developments in digital photography is ------ , which is the
‘convergence of devices, infrastructure and services/media, and is part
image science and part information technology. (etc.)
Week 13: (11/23) (TEST 3 review start with this but then also use the outline above) Monday: Test 3--Chaps. 11-16 and class content (videos and lectures) Week 14 (11/30 - 12/2) READING FOR MONDAY: Chaps. 17, 18 & 19 Monday: Screening: The iPod Revolution --- Look
for information like: What device, Apple’s foray into the
PDA market and a John Scully product, was one of the first things Steve
Jobs dropped when he returned to Apple? Download: History of the Internet -- 'People Power': UGC,
social networking, citizen journalism, Web 2.0, 'dot.com bust' in 2000,
Google bought YouTube for $1.65 billion, Mark Zuckerburg / Facebook,
News Corp. bought MySpace, RIAA lawsuit against Napster, Viacom lawsuit
against YouTube, Tim Berners-Lee, Legacy Media vs New Media Chap. 18 sample questions: A list of numbers
unique to a computer connected to the Internet, like 129.1.2.169, is
called the computer's ------ address. As part of the Pentagon's
effort to respond to a percived Russian threat, the ------- was
created, and preceded the Internet. LAN stands for ----- and WAN
stands for -----. The ARPANET combined with LANs and
WANs became the ------- in 1983. The ability for these various
networks to 'talk' to each other was solved by the -------- protocol
(what our books says 'was a key innovation in the development of the
ARPANET) developed by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf. DNS stands for
------ and is regulated by --------. Chap. 19 sample questions: Cell phone, smart
phones, GPS units and portable video games all fall into what are
called ------ devices. RFID stands for --------. The
-------- is a term that refers to the 'haves' and the 'have-nots', or
those who have certain new computer technologies and those who do
not. ---- is the most recently rolled out mobile computing
/ major system development. What are the distrinctions in
1G, 2G, 2.5G, and 3G? When does the text say 4G is expected to be
rolled out? ------, as we noted in class was named for a king of
Denmark in the late 900s, is often used to interconnect devices at
ranges of 33 foeet or less. ------ is similar to the technology
noted previously in that it is used for short-range wireless signal
communication, but this is more used for devices like thermostats,
smoke detectors, and remote set-top box control. The term
-------- is used to define an IEEE-defined standard for the 802.11
formats that create 'hot spots / WLANs, and which mostly use the 2.4
GHZ operating range. Similar to the previously noted technology
----- is based on IEEE 802.16 and is a 'city-wide' service covering 25
to 30 miles. The company name we mntioned in class that is
rolling out this kind of service (noted in the previous question) in
various cities in Texas is --------- . (more to be added) Week 15: (12/7-9) READING FOR MONDAY: Chaps. 21 & 23 Here is a text version of information from classes on 12/ 7 & 9 What is Wi-Max?
Review terms like 'penetration' and 'churn.' Chap. 23 sample questions: We are at the threshold of what communication revolution? The heart of the mobile revolution is ----- . Telephones, that used to be associated with places are now associated with ------- . How are libraries changing because of the current communication revolution? How are othr areas of society being affected by the current communication revolution? How do the communication theories we covered early in the semester relate to the current communication revolution? (continue looking for similar terms and concepts in the rest of the chapter) Also review overall concepts of what we built on this semester--what technologies are involved in the "communication revolution" going on now, and how? Week 16: Final Exam / Test 4 at scheduled Final Exam time -- Mon 12/14 at 10:30 a.m. Chapters 17-19 and 21 & 23, videos in this section, and materials covered in class * end of course outline *
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